Self-Esteem and Stereotypes of Emotional Eating

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20435/pssa.v13i3.1157

Keywords:

emotional eating, self esteem, stereotypes, eating behavior

Abstract

Emotional eating is the impulse in food consumption in response to emotions and is related to low self-esteem. These shared mental representations and beliefs are stereotypes. The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between emotional eating, self-esteem and stereotypes in 717 participants (93.7% women). Data collection occurred on-line with the application of the following instruments: Sociodemographic, Emotional Food Subscale, Self-Esteem Scale and Stereotypes of Emotional Eating Scale. The results point to significant correlations between self-esteem, emotional eating and negative stereotypes. A negative self-esteem is related to a greater tendency to have emotional eating. Emotional eating is associated with negative stereotypes, e.g. liar and weakling. These findings raise questions about how the role of self-esteem and negative stereotypes in eating behavior is valid.

Author Biographies

Gabriella de Paula Werneck, Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP)

Mestra em Psicologia pela Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP). Especialização em Nutrição Clínica Ortomolecular, Biofuncional e Fitoterapia pelo Centro Universitário Redentor (UniREDENTOR). Graduada em Nutrição pelo Centro Universitário Arthur Sá Earp Neto (UNIFASE). Colaboradora do Grupo de Pesquisa Processos Psicossociais & Cognição Social (PROPSICS), na UCP.

Diana Ramos de Oliveira, Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP)

Doutora em Psicologia pela Universidad del País Vasco (Espanha). Professora do Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia na Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP). Líder do Grupo de Pesquisa Processos Psicossociais & Cognição Social (PROPSICS) na UCP.

References

Annesi, J. J. (2020). Psychosocial correlates of emotional eating and their interrelations: Implications for obesity treatment research and development. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 41(2), 105-125. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-020-00580-6

Barnhart, W. R., Braden, A. L., & Jordan, A. K. (2020). Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating. Appetite, 151, 104688. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104688

Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public interest, 4(1), 1-44. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431

Bongers, P., & Jansen, A. (2016). Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1932. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01932

Braden, A., Musher-Eizenman, D., Watford, T., & Emley, E. (2018). Eating when depressed, anxious, bored, or happy: Are emotional eating types associated with unique psychological and physical health correlates? Appetite, 125, 410-417. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.022

Chokshi, V. D., Desai, M. K., Chauhan, H. Y., Gediya, A. J., Patel, D. V., & Gandhi, H. A. (2020). Eating behaviours, self-esteem and depression among medical and paramedical students. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 9(12), 75-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar

Da Cruz, M. D. S. C. (2020). Redes Sociais Virtuais: Percepção, finalidade e a influência no comportamento dos acadêmicos. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(3), 12433-12446. doi:https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n3-199

Ferreira, M. C. (2010). A Psicologia Social contemporânea: Principais tendências e perspectivas nacionais e internacionais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 26, 51-64.

Forrester-Knauss, C., Perren, S., & Alsaker, F. D. (2012). Does body mass index in childhood predict restraint eating in early adolescence? Appetite, 59(3), 921-926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.026

Garrido, M. V., Azevedo, C., & Palma, T. (2011). Cognição social: Fundamentos, formulações actuais e perspectivas futuras. Psicologia, 25(1), 113-157. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0874-20492011000100006&lng=pt&nrm=iso

Hoare, P., & Cosgrove, L. (1998). Eating habits, body-esteem and self-esteem in Scottish children and adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45(5), 425-431. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(98)00025-7

Hooper, M. S., & Garner, D. M. (1986). Applications of the Eating Disorders Inventory to a sample of Black, White and mixed race schoolgirls in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(1), 161-168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198601)5:1<161::AID-EAT2260050117>3.0.CO;2-G

Hutz, C. (2000). Adaptação brasileira da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS. [Mimeo].

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2010). Sinopse do senso demográfico 2010 - População residente, por sexo e grupos de idade, segundo as Grandes Regiões e as Unidades da Federação – 2010. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. Recuperado de https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=12

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2019). Desigualdades Sociais por Cor ou Raça no Brasil. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. Recuperado de https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/25844-desigualdades-sociais-porcor-ou-raca.html

Jayne, J. M., Ayala, R., Karl, J. P., Deschamps, B. A., McGraw, S. M., O'Connor, K., . . . Cole, R. E. (2020). Body weight status, perceived stress, and emotional eating among US Army Soldiers: A mediator model. Eating Behaviors, 36, 101367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101367

Kachar, V. (2010). Envelhecimento e perspectivas de inclusão digital. Revista Kairós: Gerontologia, 13(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2010v13i2p%25p

Kinnaird, E., Norton, C., Pimblett, C., Stewart, C., & Tchanturia, K. (2019). “There’s nothing there for guys”. Do men with eating disorders want treatment adaptations? A qualitative study. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(5), 845-852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00770-0

Klaczynski, P. A., Goold, K. W., & Mudry, J. J. (2004). Culture, obesity stereotypes, self-esteem, and the “thin ideal”: A social identity perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(4), 307-317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000032639.71472.19

Klaczynski, P., Daniel, D. B., & Keller, P. S. (2009). Appearance idealization, body esteem, causal attributions, and ethnic variations in the development of obesity stereotypes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 537-551. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.031

Konttinen, H. (2020). Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 283-289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120000166

Lima, C. T., Ramos-Oliveira, D., & Barbosa, C. (2017). Aspectos Sociocognitivos da obesidade: Estereótipos do excesso de peso. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 18(3), 681-698. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/17psd180305

Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion (Vol. 1). New York: Free Press.

Litwin, R., Goldbacher, E. M., Cardaciotto, L., & Gambrel, L. E. (2017). Negative emotions and emotional eating: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Eat Weight Disord, 22(1), 97-104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0301-9

Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). (2003). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Mazur, J., Dzielska, A., & Małkowska-Szkutnik, A. (2011). Psychosocial determinant of selected eating behaviours in adolescents. Med Wieku Rozwoj, 15(3), 240-249.

Nogueira de Almeida, G. A., Loureiro, S. R., & Dos Santos, J. E. (2001). Obesidade Mórbida em Mulheres: Estilos alimentares e qualidade de vida. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 51(4), 359-365. Recuperado de http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-06222001000400006

Oliveira, L. L., & Hutz, C. S. (2010). Transtornos alimentares: O papel dos aspectos culturais no mundo contemporâneo. Psicologia em Estudo, 15(3), 575-582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722010000300015

Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2011). A Psicologia da Saúde. In R. F. Alves, Psicologia da saúde: Teoria, intervenção e pesquisa (pp. 23-64). Campina Grande, PB: EDUEPB.

Ramos-Oliveira, D. (2016). Autoestima personal y colectiva: Asociación con la identidad étnica en los brasileños. Anuario de Psicología, 46(2), 74-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpsic.2016.07.004

Reichenberger, J., Schnepper, R., Arend, A. K., & Blechert, J. (2020). Emotional eating in healthy individuals and patients with an eating disorder: Evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 290-299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120007004

Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Middeltown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

Sanlier, N., Biyikli, A. E., & Biyikli, E. T. (2015). Evaluating the Relationship of Eating Behaviors of University Students with Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem. Ecology of food and Nutrition, 54(2), 175-185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2014.896798

Sharma, S., & Agarwala, S. (2015). Self-esteem and collective self-esteem among adolescents: An interventional approach. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 105-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v8i1.121

Shen, W., Long, L. M., Shih, C. H., & Ludy, M. J. (2020). A Humanities-Based Explanation for the Effects of Emotional Eating and Perceived Stress on Food Choice Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 12(9), 2712-2729. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092712

Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 128(5), 825-848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825

Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Spangler, D. (2002). Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: A 2-year prospective investigation. Health psychology, 21(2), 131-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.131

Straub, R. O. (2014). Psicologia da saúde: Uma abordagem biopsicossocial. Porto Alegre: Artmed Editora.

Sultson, H., & Akkermann, K. (2019). Investigating phenotypes of emotional eating based on weight categories: A latent profile analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(9), 1024-1034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23119

Thapliyal, P., Conti, J., Bandara, R. S., & Hay, P. (2020). “It exists”: An exploratory study of treatment experiences in men with eating disorders. Australian Psychologist, 55(5), 534-545. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12455

Van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E. R., Bergers, G. P. A., & Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behaviour. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 747-755.

Viana, V., & Sinde, S. (2003). Estilo Alimentar: Adaptação e validação do Questionário Holandês do Comportamento Alimentar. Psicologia: Teoria, Investigação e Prática, 1, 59-71.

Westfall, R. S., Millar, M., & Walsh, M. (2020). Effects of self-esteem threat on Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes. Psychological reports, 123(6), 2551-2561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119860255

Willem, C., Gandolphe, M. C., Doba, K., Roussel, M., Verkindt, H., Pattou, F., & Nandrino, J. L. (2020). Eating in case of emotion dys‐regulation, depression and anxiety: Different pathways to emotional eating in moderate and severe obesity. Clinical Obesity, 10(5), e12388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12388

Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Ke, Y., Wang, P., & Zhao, A. (2020). Emotional eating in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with dietary intake and gestational weight gain. Nutrients, 12(8), 2250. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082250

Published

2021-11-17

How to Cite

Werneck, G. de P., & de Oliveira, D. R. (2021). Self-Esteem and Stereotypes of Emotional Eating. Revista Psicologia E Saúde, 13(3), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.20435/pssa.v13i3.1157

Issue

Section

Articles